Sapiens: A Brief History Of Humankind By Yuval Noah Harari, Paperback

Yuval Harari"s international bestseller is a thrilling account of humankind"s extraordinary history - from insignificant apes lớn rulers of the world.

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• Hardcover: 464 pages• Publisher: Signal; First Edition edition (Oct 28, 2014)• Language: English• ISBN-10: 077103850X• ISBN-13: 978-0771038501• sản phẩm Dimensions: 6.2 x 1.4 x 9.3 inches
100,000 years ago, at least six human species inhabited the earth. Today there is just one. Us. Homo sapiens. How did our species succeed in the battle for dominance? Why did our foraging ancestors come together to create cities và kingdoms? How did we come to believe in gods, nations & human rights; khổng lồ trust money, books & laws; và to be enslaved by bureaucracy, timetables & consumerism? & what will our world be lượt thích in the millennia lớn come?
Bold, wide-ranging & provocative, Sapiens challenges everything we thought we knew about being human: our thoughts, our actions, our power ... And our future.
The story of humankind is based on an "imagined order", a state from which we can no longer escape. Today these imagined orders và devised scripts, sitting on the foundations of our innate biological instincts, have led khổng lồ imagined hierarchies - of race, caste & gender - and a network of artificial instincts we gọi ‘culture’. Professor Harari shines a new light on humanity; we emerge as a bully, a menace, an ecological serial killer & a highly resourceful group. Bleak? Well, yes.
"Sapiens" is written clearly and succinctly. The time-line at the start of the book establishes the journey the tác giả intends khổng lồ take, a journey that whisks us from a Palaeolithic past to a predicted future. Brief? Yes, but it’s an overview, & all overviews should be presented at a good pace.
The author takes care khổng lồ describe the situation for our Sapiens ancestors prior lớn the Cognitive Revolution about 70,000 years ago. This revolution represented a new way of thinking, và we learn of the possible cause, the timing, and our exclusive inclusion. For Harari, our evolving language, with its supple & specific abilities và characteristics, led us khổng lồ chat away lớn the extent that the conversation went beyond "careful, there’s a lion" lớn sharing concepts of phenomena that bởi vì not exist. Powerful myths were born.
These powerful myths were shared verbally & recorded artistically, on cave walls such as Chauvet & as sculptures such as the 40,000 year-old Stadel Cave Lion Man. Whilst the tác giả freely admits that we cannot easily interpret the messages of the rock art, we can appreciate what the cognitive revolution represented and heralded. The mind was changing and, for the first time, the landscapes were changing. The Agriculture Revolution, about 11,000 years ago, has always been seen as a cultural advance. The author questions this; was it a well thought-through plan? What with the increased labour and the various diseases, the author suggests that it was the plants who domesticated us.
The book continues from this "irreversible" point through a ‘network of artificial instincts - what we now call "culture" - towards specialisation, trade, & money. Even money, although it allows cooperation without prejudice, is a psychological construct, và one that only really works with the ingenious concept of "credit."
Over time, global zones appear, and different ‘cultural’ characteristics emerge, driven by the Scientific Revolution about 500 years ago and upheld by imperialism. Harari addresses the "Why Europe?" phenomenon carefully; the answer lying in an apparently benign thirst for knowledge. Unknown territory was no longer terrifying, it was an opportunity. This heralded the beginning of a single integrated human society, driven by capitalism, but a society with great inequality.
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The human story flows on, with the Industrial Revolution about 250 years ago and with the Information Revolution about 50 years ago, but the author’s telling of it reveals many false assumptions. It is a quality story which has brought our species a very long way, even though in Darwinian terms our DNA may still be hard-wired lớn a Palaeolithic pulse, to our innate biological instincts.
và what of the future? We are now embarking on the Biotechnological Revolution, and the author feels this is important because we now have the ability to lớn reshape our species. He points out a gradual change from natural selection to lớn intelligent design, through new technologies such as genetic engineering, nanotechnology và direct brain-computer interface. Humans will become partly organic & partly non-organic, the extrapolation of which is a new era of speciation. The universal benefit of this, despite our "altruism", is not a certainty.
"Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" is engaging và original. Whilst you may not agree with every speculation và causal connection, you will be inspired lớn debate these matters as you reflect on our collective journey through time, and on its direction in the future.
The Bradshaw Foundation Book Review
"I encourage all of us, whatever our beliefs, lớn question the basic narratives of our world, khổng lồ connect past developments with present concerns, & not lớn be afraid of controversial issues."
Dr Yuval Noah Harari has a PhD in History from the University of Oxford and now lectures at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specialising in World History. His research focuses on broad questions, such as: What is the relation between history and biology? Is there justice in history? Did people become happier as history unfolded?
65,000 people have signed up to his online course, A Brief History of Humankind. Sapiens is an international bestseller và is being published in more than 30 languages worldwide. In 2012 Harari was awarded the annual Polonsky Prize for Creativity and Originality in the Humanistic Disciplines.

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